武器存在的时间和人类一样长 Weapons have existed as long as human kind.
几千年来 他们已经确定了 For millennia, they have determined
几代人的命运 the destiny of generations.
武器带来痛苦和死亡 Weapons bring suffering and death.
它们展示了人类可以对其他人类施加什么影响 They show what humans can inflict upon other humans.
但他们也打算维持和平 But they're also intended to keep the peace
为技术铺平道路 and pave new ways for technology.
自从人类开始互相争斗 Since humans began fighting against one another,
速度一直是决定生死的因素 speed has been the deciding factor between life and death.
通过复杂的实验 我们想要确定 With complex experiments, we want to determine
这对武器技术的发展有何影响 how this effected the development of weapons technology
改变了历史的进程 and changed the course of history.
左轮手枪有一个旋转的圆筒 The revolver has a rotating cylinder
提高射击速度 to increase firing speed.
我很乐意投6次 5次 I'll gladly take six shots, five shots,
四枪 对着一个只有一枪的人 four shots, over someone who only has one.
弹弓可以 The sling projectiles can
几乎和现代枪支一样危险 be almost as dangerous as modern firearms.
不管你穿不穿盔甲 Whether you're wearing armor or not,
如果它击中你的头部 你肯定会死的 if it hits you in the head it's certainly gonna kill you.
用革命的战车 With the revolutionary chariot,
弓箭造成的死亡可以以闪电般的速度发生 death by bow and arrow can happen at lightening speed.
一个改变游戏的武器 A game changing weapon,
它给战场带来了机动性 it brought mobility to the battlefield.
我们的第一个武器 战车 Our first weapon, the chariot.
旨在将战士快速带到敌人身边 Designed to bring warriors quickly to the enemy
同时保护他们 while at the same time protecting them
从它的速度攻击 from attacks with it's speed.
公元前17世纪尼罗河三角洲 In the 17th century BC on the Nile Delta,
成千上万匹马的蹄子摇动着地面 the hooves of thousands of horses shake the ground
就像希克索斯人用他们的战车进攻一样 as the Hyksos people attack with their chariots.
埃及人 For the Egyptians,
这是一个全新的武器系统 the vehicle is a completely new weapon system,
这需要相当多的练习才能掌握 and it takes quite a bit of practice to master.
船上需要的技能包括射箭 The skillsets required on board involved archery,
标枪的工作 所有这些都是从 javelin work, and doing all of this from
一个相对快速移动和笨拙的平台 a relatively fast moving and awkward platform.
这是一套保持平衡的技巧 So this is a skillset involving keeping your balance,
在新的困难环境中使用武器 using weapons in a new and difficult environment.
希克索斯来自近东 The Hyksos come from the near east,
带着战车的技术 bringing the technology of the chariot with them.
它动员他们的战士给予他们 It mobilizes their warriors to give them
对法老军队的决定性优势 a decisive advantage over the Pharaohs army.
在1500年的历史上 For the first time in it's 1500 year history,
埃及被外国统治所占领 Egypt is occupied by foreign rule.
希克索斯继续他们的统治 The Hyksos continue their rule
再过一个世纪 of the country for another century.
武器专家迈克·洛德斯想要揭开这个秘密 Weapons expert Mike Loades wants to reveal the secret
祝战车成功 to the chariots success.
它是如何建造的? How was it constructed?
是什么让它在战场上有效? And what makes it effective on the battlefield?
主要的功能是为弓箭手 The primary function is for the archer.
所以他有一个司机 但主要的战士是弓箭手 So he has a driver, but the main warrior is the archer.
所有这些 马 轮子 战车 All of this, the horses, the wheels, the chariot,
只是为了让弓箭手上战场 all it's for is to put an archer on the battlefield.
一个更快更灵活的武器系统 A weapon system faster and more mobile
在古代世界从未见过的 than ever seen before in the ancient world.
由轻质木材和皮革制成 Made of light wood and leather.
它是最常用的战士与弓和箭 It was most commonly used by warriors with bows and arrows.
但斯皮尔曼和斧头战士也使用战车 But spearman and ax fighters also used chariots.
当战车第一次轰鸣 When chariots first came thundering
在古老的战场上 战争发生了变化 on to the ancient battle field, warfare changed.
现在是第一次有一队队的战车 Now for the first time squadrons of chariots
可能会突然袭击 could come streaming in for surprise attack.
战车可以控制战场 Chariots could control the battlefield,
他们可以挫败敌军的行动 they could frustrate enemy troop movements,
他们可以对不断变化的情况做出即时反应 they could respond instantly to changing situations,
他们有流动性 they had mobility.
这是将军们的新策略 This was a new tactic in the Generals toolkit.
随之而来的是一种新型的战士 骑兵 And with it came a new type of warrior, the cavalryman.
他是精英 他很贵 He was elite, he was expensive,
最重要的是 他是英雄 and above all else, he was heroic.
战争中的技术革命 This technological revolution in warfare
如果没有人类 这一切都不可能发生吗 would have never been possible without one of mankind's
最伟大的发明 轮子 greatest inventions, the wheel.
已知的第一个轮子可以追溯到很久以前 The first known wheel dates back
到5000多年前 to more than 5000 years ago.
它于2002年在斯拉沃尼亚被发现 It was discovered in Slavonia in 2002.
由灰和橡木制成 这个圆盘轮和它的马车 Made of ash and oak wood, this disk wheel and it's wagon
最有可能用于农业 were most likely used for agriculture.
来自波兰的人工制品 And artifact from Poland shows
最古老的对轮子的描绘 the oldest depiction of a wheel.
这个青铜花瓶可以追溯到公元前3500年左右 The Bronocice vase dates back to around 3500 BC.
轮子是难以置信的 The wheel is unbelievably
对人类很重要 important for mankind.
起初它并不是为速度而设计的 At first it wasn't really designed for speed.
大实木盘轮而已 Large solid wood disk wheels just
不会给你太多的速度 wouldn't give you too much speed.
但你可以用它们来正式运输货物 But you could use them to officially transport loads
例如 使用一组公牛的手推车 with a cart using, for example, a team of oxen.
这绝对是一种解脱 And that was absolutely a relief
在工作量上为新石器时代的人口 in workload for the neolithic population.
第一个证据表明在战争中使用了轮子 The first evidence pointing to the use of wheels in war
可以在Ur标准上找到吗 can be found on the Ur Standard
这可以追溯到公元前3000年 which dates back to 3000 BC.
木制的盒子 来自一个皇家墓穴 The wooden box, which comes from a royal tomb
今天 伊拉克展示了一面和平的画面 in present day Iraq shows pictures of peace on one side,
另一边是战争的画面 and pictures of war on the other.
在战车上 圆盘轮是可识别的 On the chariot, disk wheels are recognizable.
很可能是苏美尔人军事胜利的象征 Most likely a representation of a Sumerian military victory.
原始的苏美尔战车 The original Sumerian chariots
本质上是四轮马车吗 are essentially four wheel carts
由驴 powered by asses.
这些车速度不快 没有动力 These are not fast vehicles, they're not dynamic,
它们只是男人可以战斗的移动平台 they're just mobile platforms from which men can fight.
长矛 弓和箭 它们跑不快 Spears, maybe bows and arrows, they're not fast.
他们不会改变战争的节奏 They don't change the pace of battle,
它们可能使人能够到达战场 they probably enable men to arrive at battle
比他们想象的更新鲜 fresher than they would have done
如果他们在那里游行或奔跑 if they'd marched there or run there.
所以他们有一些优势 So they have some advantages,
但它们并不是根本性的转型武器 but they're not fundamentally transformational weapons.
另一项发明是必要的 辐条 Another invention is necessary, spokes.
最初 轮子有四个辐条 Initially, wheels are equipped with four spokes,
这并不能使它们稳定 which doesn't exactly make them stable.
然后是一个巨大的创新 And then a big innovation
就是用更多的辐条 was to just use more spokes,
这样你就可以更好地分配负载 so that you could distribute the load better,
你可以在车轴上增加更多的重量 and you could put more weight onto the axle.
一个四辐条的轮子就足够了 A four spoked wheel is likely enough
在战场上使用 to be used on the battlefield,
但如果负载过重 它很快就会断裂 but with a heavy load, it can quickly break.
第一个解决方案是人说话的两倍 The first solution, twice as man spokes.
但这也以速度为代价增加了重量 But this also increases weight at the expense of speed.
绝妙的妥协 六个辐条 The brilliant compromise, six spokes.
提供最佳的稳定性和可操作性 Providing optimal stability and maneuverability.
在希克索斯占领时期 While still under the Hyksos occupation,
埃及人开始改进他们的战车技术 the Egyptians begin improving their chariot technology.
他们用不同的材料和设计进行实验 They experiment with different materials and designs,
直到他们找到最有效的解决方案 until they find the most efficient solution.
埃及人所做的是 他们得到了一些木材 What the Egyptians did, was they got pieces of timber,
像这样 每个辐条实际上是两个部分 like this, so that each spoke is actually two pieces,
但是弯进了下一个辐条 but the bend goes into the next spoke.
这就是那个开口 它在这里 So this is that spoke, and it comes onto this one here.
所以这个关节现在非常坚固 因为它是生长出来的 So this joint is now incredibly strong because it was grown.
他们会取一些小树 They would take young trees,
年轻的时候 把它们弯过来 这是关节 and at a young age, bend them over, here is the joint.
它现在是你能得到的最强的了 That is now as strong as you can get it,
而且组装起来很快 and it's quick to assemble.
在20世纪20年代的帝王谷 In the 1920's in the Valley of the Kings,
科学家们有了一个惊人的发现 scientists make a spectacular discovery.
图坦卡蒙的坟墓揭示了 Tutankhamen's tomb reveals, among other things,
六辆保存完好的战车 six perfectly preserved chariots.
即使在外国统治结束后 Even after the end of foreign rule,
埃及人继续使用希克索斯技术 the Egyptians continued to use Hyksos technology.
没有人知道战车是否发挥了作用 No one knows whether the chariot played a role
改变力量的平衡 in shifting the balance of power.
在一个工作室里 修复者已经花了几个星期的时间 In a workshop, restorers have spent several weeks
为我们造一辆埃及战车 building an Egyptian chariot for us.
基于高度复杂 Based on the highly sophisticated
图坦卡蒙皇家马车 royal carriage of Tutankhamen.
设计这些车辆 Designing these chariots
它本身就是一门科学 really was a science in it's own right.
人们花了200多年的时间来开发这项技术 People spent 200 or more years developing the technology.
他们明白这取决于材料 They understood that it depended on the material.
我不能用太重的木头 I couldn't use wood that was too heavy,
否则我就不能很好地运输它了 or else I wouldn't be able to transport it very well.
我可能需要单独的部件 And I potentially needed individual parts
我可以替换它 that I was able to replace,
这使得整个飞行器更加灵活 which made the entire vehicle more flexible.
这样一来 我在战斗中就有了优势 And in doing so, I'd have the advantage in combat.
与单个零件 With individual parts,
归根结底 什么东西最轻 it comes down to what weighs the least,
什么对战斗最有用 and what is the most useful for battle.
他们还审议了暂停的问题 They also considered the issue of suspension
这样枪手才能尽可能保持稳定 so that the shooter could remain as stable as possible,
如果你开车经过一个洞 你不会完全错过 and if you drove over a hole you wouldn't miss completely.
所以他们想出了像皮革平台一样的策略 So they came up with strategies like a leather platform
让弓箭手站起来 for the archer to stand on.
他们对各个部分想了很多 They really thought a lot about the individual parts,
这是一项令人着迷的技术工作 which is fascinating technological work.
马车用的编织皮革平台 A woven leather platform for a chariot
为了搭载一名船员 它必须非常结实 needs to be extremely sturdy in order to carry a crew
最多三个男人 of up to three men.
另一方面 它需要足够的灵活性 On the other hand, it needs to be flexible enough
以缓冲它们受到的任何冲击 to cushion them from any impact
从地面开始 from the ground along the way.
用天然材料制成的成品战车 The finished chariot, built from natural materials,
根据历史模型 according to historical models.
皮带把木杆系在一起 Leather straps hold the wooden poles together
从马前面的蛋黄里 from the yolk in front of the horses
一直到车尾的车轴 all the way to the axle at the rear of the carriage.
你可以看到车轴在平台的后部运行 You can see the axle runs up the rear of the platform,
所以所有的重量都在轮子上 so all the weight is on the wheels,
它不在马上 it's not on the horses.
这些轮子是独立的 And these wheels are independent.
它们在一个固定的轴上 They are on a fixed axle,
轮子在轴上独立运动 and the wheels move independently on the axle.
加低斯之战(公元前1274年) The Battle of Kadesh, 1274 BC,
埃及人与赫人争战 the Egyptians battle against the Hittites,
他们争夺近东统治权的新对手 their new rivals for domination of the near east.
双方都拥有同样的武器 Both sides have the same weapons at their disposal.
根据古代资料 According to ancient sources,
五千多辆战车与这两个大国对峙 over 5000 chariots face off as the two great powers
古代战场上的冲突 of antiquity clash on the battlefield.
埃及人和赫人也参与其中 The Egyptians and the Hittites were involved
在一场非常激烈的军备竞赛中使用了新的战车技术 in a very serious arms race with the new chariot technology.
战车是用来对付敌人的 And the chariots are used to engage the enemy
让彼此参与 and engage each other.
本质上这是一场关于战车的战争 And essentially it's a battle about chariots
这就是埃及人所代表的 and that's certainly how the Egyptians represent
他们赢的版本 their version in which they win.
赫梯人有一个版本 And the Hittites had a version
当然他们也赢了 in which of course they won as well.
这是历史上最伟大的拉锯战之一 It's one of histories greatest drawn battles.
赫人的战车更重 The Hittites chariots are heavier
而且不如埃及人灵活 and less agile than the Egyptians.
这也是由于他们三个较大的船员 Which also a result of their larger three men crews.
因此 埃及人至少赢得了速度竞赛 And thus, the Egyptians win at least the race for speed.
我们想测试一下埃及的战车 We want to put the Egyptian chariot to the test
在赛道上看看它的驾驶性能 on a race course to take a look at it's driving performance.
今天 有一个因素和很久以前一样发挥着至关重要的作用 Today, one factor plays a crucial role as it did long ago.
马 The horses.
人类驾驶战车大约有1000年的历史 Men drove chariots for about 1000 years
在他们骑马之前 before they rode horses.
那是因为早期的马非常小 And that's because early horses were really quite small.
它们不够大 They weren't big enough
强壮到可以承受一个人的重量 and strong enough to carry a mans weight.
但是你可以通过放一个人 But you could pull a man by putting him
在有轮子的车上 in a wheeled vehicle.
我们训练有素的赛马 Our well trained race horses
有1.6米高 are 1.6 meters tall.
埃及马大约小30厘米 Egyptian horses were about 30 centimeters smaller.
但是他们有一个特殊的技巧 But they had a special trick.
你看 他们有这个颈叉 You see they've got this neck fork here.
这与现代的马具有很大的不同 This is quite different to modern harness.
马就在那里的什么地方拴着 The horses are just attached just by the whither there.
只有一个带有蛋黄的连接 Only one attachment with a yolk joining them.
所以有了这个系统 就更有挑战性了 So with this system, it's much more challenging
驾驶它们 让它们保持直线 to drive them and to keep them straight.
需要更多的驾驶技术 Takes a lot more driving expertise.
但在战场上 效率更高 But on the battlefield, it was more efficient.
如果你的马中枪了 If one of your horses got shot,
然后你就可以很快地改变团队 then you could change the team very quickly,
就像一级方程式赛车的维修队 like a Formula One pit crew.
男人会冲进来 一 二 皮带 Men would rush in, one, two, straps,
你可以干掉整个团队 you could take the team out
让另一支队伍尽快加入 and get another team in really quickly.
这种速度能有多快 How fast can this kind of
战车在平坦的路面上行驶? chariot go on a flat surface?
我们复制品的第一次测试是50米的距离 The first test for our replica is a distance of 50 meters.
我们得到了什么时间? So what time did we get?
6.50 6.50.
不错 6秒 50米 That's not bad, six seconds, 50 meters,
这是 你知道 12秒跑100米 that's, you know, 12 seconds for 100 meters.
有了两匹马 麦克·洛德斯成功了 With two horses, Mike Loades manages
速度为每小时30公里 a speed of 30 kilometers per hour.
古时候速度惊人 An impressive speed for ancient times,
但这在任何地方都不可能 but it wasn't possible everywhere.
你可以想象在古代 You have to imagine that in ancient times,
当然 他们需要计划战车的行动 of course they needed to plan the chariot operation.
这意味着他们选择战场 And that meant their choice battlefield
取决于他们能在哪里做得最好 depended on where they could most
有效地使用他们的战车 effectively use their chariots.
我们知道埃及人特别派遣了 We know that the Egyptians specifically sent out
清理人员收集石头 clean up crews to collect stones
这样车辆就不会被绊倒 so that nothing would trip up the vehicles
然后他们就可以直接冲向敌人 and then they could drive right up to the enemy
充分利用它们的速度和效率 and take full advantage of their speed and efficiency.
最重要的要求 The most important requirement
要有仅次于辐条轮的最快的战车 to have the swiftest chariot after the spoke wheel,
驯养的马 domesticated horses.
它们是耐力、敏捷、速度快的动物 They're animals with stamina, agile, fast,
他们可以接受培训 and they can be trained.
理想的战争 Ideal for warfare.
马是战争中唯一最重要的动物 The horse is the single most important animal of war.
它带着人们前进 带着人们战斗 It's carried men towards, it's carried men in battle,
它又把他们带出了战场 and it's carried them out of battle again.
它对战争的后勤保障至关重要 It's critical to the logistics of war,
移动重型设备 如大炮 to the moving of heavy equipment, artillery for example.
马是一种有选择性的食物 Horses a creature that has been selectively bread
几千年来为人类的军事需要服务 over thousands of years to serve mans military needs.
马的重要性 The importance of horse
3000多年前就开始繁殖了 breeding more than 3000 years ago
被称为《基库利文本》的文件证明了这一点 is demonstrated by a document known as the Kikkuli Text.
赫梯人写于公元前14世纪 Written by Hittite in the 14th century BC.
当你看《基库利书》时 When you look at the Kikkuli Text,
如果你对马有所了解 if you know anything about horses,
你会立刻注意到一个团队 you notice immediately that a team is
训练到最优的性能尽可能快 trained to optimal performance as fast as possible.
有不同的培训课程 There are different training sessions,
有关于喂养的说明 there are instructions about feeding.
只有燕麦 然后是紫花苜蓿 Only oats, then only alfalfa,
然后他们被带上夜游车 and then they were taken on night rides,
这也可能是为了让敌方间谍 which was probably also so that enemy spies
不知道你什么时候有过 couldn't figure out when you had
你的战车准备好奔跑 your chariot teams ready to run,
当他们准备好行动的时候 when they're ready for action.
这需要尽可能长时间地保密 That needed to be kept secret for as long as possible.
需要付出很多努力 A lot of effort is needed
从马身上得到最好的东西 to get the best out of the horses.
但是射手也需要a But the archer also needs a
他可以信赖的车夫 chariot driver that he can rely on.
对于第二次测试 我们引入了 后备 For our second test, we bring in backup.
所以 现在我有一个司机 我是弓箭手 So, now I have a driver and I am the archer.
这是战斗中的两名主要人员 This was the main two man crew in battle.
有车夫和弓箭手 You had the driver and the warrior who was the archer.
我们在埃及战车上看到的是两边 What we see on the Egyptian chariots is on both sides
交叉战栗 所以假设我可以在这里射击 crossed quiver, so the presumption is that I can shoot here
然后转身 用这些箭射到那边 and turn around and use these arrows to shoot on that side.
改变 我可以用这些箭头 And change, and that I can get over using these arrows
到这边来 转过来用 on this side and turn and use those.
我应该能够射击 That I should be able to shoot
从战车的四面八方 from all four corners of the chariot.
因为在战斗中 特别是战车对战车的战斗中 Because in a battle, especially chariot to chariot battle,
你不知道战车在哪里 you don't know where the chariot
正从尘埃云中走出来 is coming out of the dust clouds.
所以你需要能够四处走动 So you need to be able to move around.
迈克·洛德斯全速瞄准的能力如何? How well can Mike Loades aim at full speed?
从一个箭车 弓箭手需要 From an arrow chariot, archers need to be
能够向四面八方射击 able to shoot in all directions.
战车的悬挂应该确保 The chariots suspension should make sure
迈克能保持平衡 that Mike can keep his balance.
12发中的9发命中目标 Nine out of 12 shots hit their target.
所以我有一些失误 但是你知道 So I had a few misses, but you know,
如果你在战场上 每错过一个人 if you were in battle, for every one you miss,
有一个男人站在后面 there's a man standing behind.
所以它会击中密集队伍中的某个人 So it would have hit somebody in dense ranks of men.
从这个平台上拍摄很好 It's fine to shoot from this platform.
如果你想象战场上有成千上万辆战车 If you imagine thousands of chariots on the battlefield,
然后是尘埃云 which there were, then the dust clouds,
你无法看到他们在哪里 you wouldn't be able to see where they were,
它们在移动 你看不见它们在哪里 they're moving and you can't see where they are,
这个速度足够快 不会被反击 that's fast enough not to be shot back at.
所以我想是时候了 So I think for it's time,
这是一个非常有用的武器 一个改变游戏规则的武器 it was a really useful weapon, and a game changing weapon.
它给战场带来了机动性 It brought mobility to the battlefield.
但也有缺点 But there are also drawbacks.
训练有素的战车非常昂贵 A highly trained chariot unit is extremely expensive.
只能在平原上使用 And can only be used on the plains
而不是在森林或山上 and not in the forest or the mountains.
随着马越来越受欢迎 As the horse gains popularity,
骑兵替换了战车 cavalrymen replace the chariot.
我们的下一个武器 Our next weapon.
几个世纪以来 它决定着古代战争的胜利者 For centuries, it decides the victors of ancient battles.
然而今天 它几乎是唯一相关的 And yet today, it is associated almost exclusively
《圣经》中的一个故事 吊索 with a story from the bible, the sling.
2000年前 在希腊罗马和其他军队中 2000 years ago in Greek Roman and other armies,
吊带鞋需求量很大 slingers are in high demand.
然而 只有少数证据 Yet only a few pieces of evidence
这个简单的远程武器已经流传下来 has been handed down about this simple range weapon.
追溯到公元2世纪 Dating back to the second century AD,
图拉真专栏上的浮雕 this relief on Trajan's Column
描绘伊比利亚人使用吊索 depicts Iberians using slings.
表明了它们的重要性 An indication of their great importance
在罗马帝国时期 during the era of the Roman Empire.
在古代战争中 投石器的使用很普遍 In ancient battles, the use of the sling was common.
吊索的使用方法和 And the sling was used in much the same way as
在18世纪早期 muskets and rifles in early 18th century,
19世纪战争 19th century warfare.
我们的专家迈克·洛德斯将前往丹麦 Our expert Mike Loades is headed to Denmark.
在一个历史悠久的村庄里 他想要发现这个秘密 In a historic village he wants to discover the secret
他那几乎被遗忘的古老超级武器 of his almost forgotten ancient super weapon.
吊索可能是最早的武器 The sling is possibly the earliest weapon
这给了人类机械优势 that gave man mechanical advantage.
它所做的就是它 What it did was it
伸出他的手臂 extended the length of his arm,
这让他们离开的时间更长 it made them longer leavers,
所以你可以扔得更快更有力 so you could throw with more speed and more force.
在石器时代 During the Stone Age,
吊索是用来打猎的 slings are used for hunting.
然后是特定的咔嚓声 And later there specific snapping sound
可以在战场上听到 can be heard on the battlefield.
一根古老的吊索有60到100厘米长 An ancient sling is between 60 to 100 centimeters long,
由编织的植物纤维组成 and made up of braided plant fibers.
它的弹丸重量在30到250克之间 It's projectiles weigh between 30 to 250 grams.
这些石头位于现代土耳其 These stones located in modern day Turkey
是一些最早的证据吊带 are some of the earliest evidence of the sling.
它们可以追溯到大约8500年前 They date back to around 8500 years ago.
在专家手中 吊带是一种非常强大的武器 In expert hands the sling's a really powerful weapon.
它打碎人的头 摔碎人的骨头 It was a breaker of heads and a smasher of bones.
最好的弹弓来自巴利阿里群岛 And the best slingers came from the Balearic Isles.
古代所有的军队都在追捕他们 They were sought after by all the ancient armies,
希腊人 罗马人和迦太基人 the Greeks, the Romans, and the Carthaginians.
传说有孩子的母亲 Legend has it that the mothers of children
在巴利阿里群岛不让他们吃东西 in the Balearic Isles would not let them eat,
不给他们食物吗 would not give them their food
直到他们能用弹弓击中它 until they could hit it with a sling.
那里有这样的文化传统 There was such a cultural tradition there,
直到今天 and it last today, even today,
最好的弹弓来自巴利阿里 the best slingers come from the Balearics.
有天赋的投石手是著名的明星 Talented slingers are celebrated stars
在巴利阿里群岛 in the Balearic Islands.
在萨·波布拉的马略卡岛上 On Mallorca in Sa Pobla,
吊杆世界锦标赛每年举行一次 the Slinging World Championship takes place every year.
毫无疑问 他是世界上最好的吊带手 Not surprisingly, the best slinger in the world
也来自巴利阿里群岛 is also from the Balearic Islands.
路易斯·庞斯·利弗莫尔曾多次获得冠军 Luis pons Livermore is a multiple time champion
并将支持我们的实验 and will support us with our experiments.
你有不同的部分 戒指 You have different parts, the ring,
你把手指放在哪里 where you put the finger,
你放石头的袋子 the pouch where you put the stone or whatever,
最后一条尾巴有两个功能 and the final is the tail that have two functions.
一个是裂缝 发出声音 One is the crack, make a, like a noise.
像鞭子 Like a whiplash.
对 就像鞭子一样 另一个 为了精确 Yeah, like a whip, and the other one, for good precision.
但如果它像鞭子一样噼啪作响 But if this snaps like a whip,
这意味着速度快得令人难以置信 that means this is going incredibly fast.
这是一种高速武器 I mean this is a high speed weapon.
它是 It is.
我是说 你可以扔石头 I mean, you can throw a rock,
但是当你把它和这个一起扔出去的时候 它就变成了一颗子弹 but when you throw it with this, then it becomes a bullet.
一个重要因素 An important factor
因为速度被称为带 for speed is known as the band.
它越长 发射的速度就越快 The longer it is, the faster the projectile will launch.
中间的部分叫做眼袋 The part in the middle is known as the pouch.
在这里做除法 You're making the divide here,
这是吊索的一部分 which is this part of the sling,
这是至关重要的 which is critical.
对 让这两部分完全一样 Yeah, let's have these two parts exactly the same.
世界冠军斯林格 The world champion slinger
知道如何制造武器 knows exactly how to make the weapon himself.
这种植物纤维极耐撕裂 The plant fibers are extremely resistant to tearing.
你第一次做投石器的时候多大? How old were you when you made your first sling?
大概10岁 Probably 10 years old.
哦 真的吗? Oh really?
是的 Yeah.
开始 10 11所示 Began, 10, 11.
你永远不会用别人的吊带扔吗? You would never never throw with someone else's sling?
不 No.
自己做吊带是一种骄傲 There's a pride in making your own sling.
不 所有的吊索都不一样 No, all the slings different.
通过练习动作 With practice movements,
路易斯只用了不到30分钟就完成了吊索 Luis finishes his sling in less than 30 minutes.
太棒了 太快了 That's fantastic, that was so quick.
看起来很简单 但是很复杂 It seems so easy, but it's elaborate.
在古代战争中 During ancient wars,
吊带有多种用途 slingers are used in a variety of ways.
在凯撒时代 一种典型的罗马战斗队形 In Caesar's time, a typical Roman battle formation
是由全副武装的军人组成的吗 is made up of heavily armed legionaries
在战场上被分成几块 arranged into blocks on the battlefield.
每个区块称为队列 Each block, known as a cohort,
由近500名士兵组成 consists of close to 500 soldiers.
那些带吊索的放在中间 Those with slings are placed in between
单个块以及前排 the individual blocks as well as in the front rows.
一旦战斗开始 你可能会有精英投石器 Once the battle starts you could have the elite slingers
就像巴利阿里的投石器一样 like the Balearic slingers,
你可以让他们在前线 you could have them in the frontline,
能准确瞄准的人 men who can aim accurately,
他们可以瞄准300米外的将军 men who could target a general on a horse at 300 meters,
但你也可以用普通的吊带 but you could also use regular slingers
排在弓箭手后面 因为弹弓已经有了 behind ranks of archers, because the sling has got
比弓箭射程更大 a greater range than the bow and arrow.
这些人会被抛向空中 And these men would be throwing high in the air,
掀起一阵石头风暴 bringing down a tempest of stones,
倒在敌人的头上 falling on the heads of the enemy.
除了巴利阿里的狙击手 In addition to the Balearic snipers,
没有受过良好训练的带吊带的男性也扮演着重要角色 less well trained men with slings also play a key role.
但是掌握这种武器有多难呢? But how difficult is it to master the weapon?
我们想在三个业余爱好者的实验中找出答案 We want to find out in an experiment with three amateurs.
为了安全的原因 For safety reasons,
网球将代替石头 tennis balls will be used instead of stones.
戒指戴在中指上 The ring goes on the middle finger,
你把它这样放 它就挂在你手上 K? you put it like this and it's hanging out of your hand, K?
你取下尾巴 像这样用手握住 You pick the tail, and you close within your hand like this,
好了 软的 你看到袋子了 okay, soft, and you see the pouch,
你必须达到同样的水平 对吧? you have to be same level, alright?
当你有这个的时候 你必须把那个放进去 When you have this, you have to put that
网球就在上面 tennis ball just on top.
一旦你把球放到位 Once you get the ball in position
你手里拿着吊索 and you have the sling in your hand,
旋转三、四次 你必须拉你的胳膊 you spin it three, four times, you have to pull your arm,
当你拉你的手臂 and when you pull your arm,
你必须靠近尾巴 you have to get towards the tail.
所以有吊带就像有一条长胳膊 So having a sling is like having a long arm.
例如 如果你想这样传球 For example, if you want to pass the ball like this,
它会出去 还是一样的 and it's going to go out it's the same.
你必须要有动力把它拉到前面 You have to, to get the momentum to pull it front
把你的手向前张开 and open your hand forward.
他们的目标 一罐可以在10米外 Their target, a tin can 10 meters away.
谁第一次尝试就得分了? Who scores on their first try?
对于世界冠军路易斯来说 这是小菜一碟 For world champion Luis, it's a piece of cake.
没有压力 No pressure.
业余选手很难对付他们的吊索 The amateur have a hard time with their slings.
准确的镜头是一个罕见的例外 Accurate shots are a rare exception.
这比我想象的要难 It's harder than I thought.
因为我的蛋蛋到处都是 Because my balls were all over the place, so ,
我不知道 十年后我可能会和他一样好 I don't know, in 10 years I might be as good as him.
即使在古代 多年的训练 Even in ancient times, years of training
狙击手的区别是什么 are what distinguishes the snipers
只不过是另一个带着弹弓的士兵 from just another soldier with a sling.
关于花多长时间有很多争论 There's a lot of debate around how long it takes
成为某方面的专家 to become an expert in something,
还有一些数据 and there's figures around from
20小时到10000小时 20 hours up until 10000 hours.
但我们知道的很简单 But what we do know, simply is,
你练习的越多 that the more you practice something,
你做得越好 the better you become at it.
即使你天生不擅长某件事 Even if you're not naturally good at something.
吊索做起来很简单 A sling is simple to make
可以通过训练来掌握 and can be mastered through training,
让它成为普通人的武器 making it the weapon of ordinary people.
这一信息也可以在新约中找到 A message that can also be found in the New Testament.
在著名的大卫和歌利亚的故事中 In the famous story of David and Goliath,
一个以色列小男孩面对着一个巨大的非利士人战士 a small Israeli boy faces a massive Philistine warrior.
年轻的谢巴德把手伸进背包 The young shepard reaches into his satchel,
拿出一块石头 把它扔出去 takes out a stone, and slings it
打在巨人的额头上 to hit the giant in the forehead.
这告诉了我们关于吊索的一切 This tells us everything about the sling.
它是一种水准武器 It's a leveling weapon.
它允许 It allows somebody who is,
没有精英的地位 没有所有的精英装备 not of elite status, doesn't have all the elite equipment
盔甲 剑和马 of armor, sword, and horse,
在战场上做一些真正重要的事情 to do something really significant on the battlefield.
即使在今天 Even today the sling
仍然具有很高的象征意义 can still be highly symbolic.
比如当巴勒斯坦人站起来的时候 Such as when Palestinians stand up
向以色列士兵投掷弹弓 to Israeli soldiers with slings.
大卫与歌利亚 David versus Goliath.
圣地古老的传统 An age old tradition of the Holy Land.
所以这就像 不管你有什么 So it's almost like a, despite what you've got,
我们比你强大 we are stronger than you,
我们比你们更有韧性 we have got more resilience then you.
这种武器几乎象征着这种韧性 And that weapon almost symbolizes that resilience.
很久以前和今天 Long ago and today as well,
石头主要用作弹药 随处可见 mainly stones are used as ammunition, available anywhere,
但并不是每一块石头都合适 but not every stone is suitable.
但它们必须是一个统一的形状 But they have to be a uniform shape,
我捡这些石头没用 it's no good me picking up these stones.
没有 什么都没有 No, nothing.
因为他们会到处乱扔 Because they will throw all over the place.
到处都是 他们不会排队的 All over the place, they will not gonna stay in line.
也许你在旋转的时候会失去它 Maybe you can lose it when you go spinning.
所以你要么找到石头 So you have to either find stones
这是一个很好的均匀的形状 否则你必须 that are a nice even shape, or you have to--
让他们 Make them.
这种准备好的石头弹丸 This kind of prepared stone projectile
重约200克 weighs about 200 grams.
它有什么样的影响? What kind of impact does it have?
15米外 一个木头和锡做的靶子 15 Meters away, a wooden and tin target
是为了测试而设置的 is set up for a test.
吊索特有的鞭裂噪声 The slings characteristic whip crack noise
是不是每次都听到背带的那部分 is heard every time that the back part of the sling
在拍摄过程中打破音障 breaks the sound barrier during the shot.
吊带的声波越来越快 The sound wave of the sling band gets faster and faster
随着市场继续疲软 as it continues to the slack end,
达到音速的两倍 where it reaches twice the speed of sound.
你刚刚吃了一块又一块石头 You've just eaten that, stone after stone,
就这样吃个不停 你一遍又一遍地吃 just eating away, and you were doing it over and over again,
这是一个非常有节奏的动作 it's a very rhythmic action.
如果你明白了 Yeah, if you have the point,
你必须不停地投篮 投篮 再投篮 you have to keep shooting, shooting, shooting, again.
看看对金属的影响 Look at the impact on the metal,
我是说这是一种可怕的武器 I mean it's a terrifying weapon.
可怕的武器 Terrifying weapon.
我是说那些石头 I mean those stones, that,
你的速度会让你丧命 that's gonna kill you, that speed that you're throwing,
带着鞭裂力 with that whip crack force,
不管你穿不穿盔甲 whether you're wearing armor or not,
如果它击中你的头部 你肯定会死的 if it hits you in the head it's certainly gonna kill you.
是的 很明显 Yeah, obviously.
石头弹丸的速度有多快 How fast does the stone projectile travel
当它被我们的冠军路易斯射中的时候? when it's shot by our champion, Luis?
我们用高精度数字表来测试速度 We test the speed with a high precision digital meter.
但是为了进行测量 But in order for a measurement to be made,
路易斯需要直接从开口处投篮 Luis needs to shoot directly through the opening.
成功了 但是石头达到了什么速度? Success, but what speed did the stone reach?
52米每秒! 52 meters per second!
所以是186 187千米每小时 非常快 So that's 186, 187 kilometers per hour, pretty fast.
吊索可以达到最高速度 A sling can accomplish top speeds,
但是精确的目标是困难的 尤其是在战斗中 but precise aim is difficult, especially in combat.
古代的吊索不是精密仪器 Ancient slings weren't precision instruments
部分原因是它们的材料 partly because of the material they were made from.
最小的角度变化就会导致 The smallest change of angle would cause
这是你人生轨迹的一个极端变化 an extreme change to your trajectory.
在发布前的零点二秒的延迟 A delay of just two-tenths of a second before release
会导致30度的偏差吗 can result in a deviation of 30 degrees
在弹丸轨道上 in the projectiles trajectory.
为了提高命中率 To increase their hit rate,
古代战士选择投掷物 ancient warriors choose projectiles
都是一样的 that are as uniform as possible.
这些是标准化的铅弹 These kind of standardized lead projectiles
是2000多年前生产的 were produced more than 2000 years ago.
所以我们有两种非常不同的导弹 So we've got two very different missiles here.
我们有巨石和罗马龟头 We've got the heavy rock and the Roman glans,
在拉丁语中是橡子的意思 which is Latin for acorn,
你可以看到这是一个橡子的形状 and you can see that's an acorn shape.
被罗马人称为龟头的铅弹 lead projectiles known as glans by the Romans
任何营火都能产生 can be produced at any camp fire,
因为铅在328摄氏度时熔化 since lead melts at a temperature of 328 degrees centigrade.
铅弹通常也包含一条信息 The lead projectiles often also contain a message
作为对敌人的一种讽刺 as a kind of sarcastic note to the enemy.
上面用希腊字母写着 拿着 On this one it says in Greek letters, take that.
在弹丸上写字的传统 The tradition of writing on projectiles
直到今天 continues to this day.
在第二次世界大战期间 盟军的机组人员 During World War II, allied aircraft crews
用对德国人的问候装饰他们的炸弹 decorate their bombs with greetings to the Germans.
在对伊拉克的两场战争中 In two wars against Iraq,
美国人把炸弹寄给萨达姆·侯赛因 Americans addressed their bombs to Saddam Hussein.
他们在心理上迈出了一小步 Them taking some small psychological step
给他们一个信息 他们可能没有 to give them a message, they're probably not
一定会看到这个信息 going to necessarily see that message,
但它给了那个人一种能力感 but it gives that person a sense of being able
来表达他们内心的愤怒 to demonstrate the anger they feel inside.
他们内心的情感 The emotion that they've got inside.
他们想对那个人说什么 What they want to say to that person.
所以把它放在武器上 So by putting it on the weapon,
这几乎让他们感到一点满足 it almost makes them feel a little bit of satisfaction.
在战争中 它也可以帮助 In war it can also help to
给你的武器起个名字 让它个性化 personalize your weapon by giving it a name.
这就是为什么人们过去给他们的武器命名 That's why people used to name their weapons
也要随他们问安 and send some sort of greeting along with them.
剑被认为是有魔力的 Swords are supposed to be magical.
当他们把剑命名为“铁食”或“长而锋利”时 And when they name their swords Iron Eater or Long and Sharp
我想这个名字本身就说明了一切 I suppose the name alone meant to say it all.
在古代和中世纪 In the ancient world and during the Middle Ages
剑具有神秘的特性 swords take on mythical qualities.
在现代 士兵们常常觉得他们有 In modern times, soldiers often feel that they have
与他们的枪支有着特殊的关系 a special relationship with their firearms.
它们通过额外的照顾表现出来 Which they show by taking extra care of them.
在这种愿望的背后 有必要保持 Behind this desire there is a need to preserve
中间有些私人的东西 something personal in the midst
似乎是一场不人道的战争 of what can often seem to be an inhuman war.
一个神奇的武器也可能需要额外的帮助 A miracle weapon may also be called upon for extra help
当涉及到生死问题时 when it comes to matters of life or death.
我们的下一个实验测试吊索的效果 Our next experiment tests the effect of a sling
假设一个敌人 on a hypothetical enemy.
世界冠军路易斯·斯林斯·斯通 World champion Luis slings stones
在一个现实的皮革皮肤假块 at a realistic leather skin dummy block.
我们的相机记录了撞击的瞬间 Our camera records the moment of impact.
看看这个 我们可以看到它受到了多大的冲击 Look at that, and we can see how hard it hit
但它已经反弹了多远 but how far it has bounced back.
在这里 我的意思是 Here it is, I mean this is,
一 二 三 四 五 one, two, three, four, five,
那离它撞到的地方有6米远 that's six meters from where it hit.
这是巨大的影响 So that was tremendous impact,
你正好击中他的心脏 and you hit him right over the heart.
那样会撞碎他的肋骨 让他的心脏停止跳动 That would have smashed his ribs and stopped his heart.
是的 Yeah.
接下来我们来试试铅铸的龟头 Next up we try the lead cast glans.
最小的锐边能有多好 How well can the smallest sharp edge
炮弹穿透假人? projectiles penetrate the dummy?
看这个路易斯 真让人不寒而栗 Look at this Luis, that is chilling.
它就在里面 It's actually in there.
你真的把它藏在男人的身体里了 You actually got it inside the man.
这已经深入人心 This has gone through and embedded deep inside.
这是一种武器 That is a weapon.
吉再次出现 Slingers appear again
在世界历史上也是如此 and again in world history.
在这幅14世纪中世纪的画作中 In this 14th century depiction from the middle ages,
他们被展示在弓箭手旁边 they are shown next to archers.
在征服印加帝国期间 During their conquest of the Incan empire,
西班牙面临着扛着吊索的战士 Spain is confronted with warriors bearing slings.
吊索最终几乎到处都被替换了 The sling is finally replaced almost everywhere
随着火器的出现 with the emergence of firearms.
从16世纪开始 Starting in the 16th century,
它们完全改变了战争的性质 they completely change the nature of warfare.
小型手枪在战斗中使用 Small handguns are used in combat,
除了步枪和后来的步枪 in addition to muskets and later rifles.
左轮手枪是传奇 The revolver is legendary.
不仅仅是因为它的速度 Not only because of it's speed.
它的神话与a紧密相连 It's myth is closely tied to a
西部拓荒的浪漫主义理想 romanticized ideal of the Wild West.
牛仔、亡命之徒和治安官 Cowboys, outlaws, and sheriffs.
他们的枪套里都有左轮手枪 They all have the revolver in their holsters,
谁画得快谁就赢 and whoever draws faster wins.
但是很少有人知道左轮手枪 But fewer know that the revolver
也影响了军事冲突 also influenced military conflicts,
比如美国内战 such as the American Civil War.
因为它的设计细节之一 Since one of it's design details
给了它速度上的优势 gives it the advantage in speed.
战争史是关于 The history of war is about,
就是不断地寻找优势 is a constant search for an advantage,
拥有比…更快的武器 having weapons that are faster than
敌人的武器是一个很大的优势 the enemies weapons is a great advantage.
如果你能射得更快 你就能 If you can shoot faster you can
杀他的速度比他杀你的速度还快 kill him quicker than he can kill you.
梦想有一支能连续发射不止一枪的手枪 Dreams of a pistol that can fire more than one shot in a row
已经存在很长时间了 have been around for quite some time.
但设计要么过于昂贵 But designs are either too expensive
或者像这些胡椒盒模型 太重了 or like these pepper-box models, too heavy.
直到一个年轻的美国人进入拳台 Until a young American enters the ring,
有远大的理想 不缺乏创业精神 with big ideas and no shortage of entrepreneurial spirit.
塞缪尔·柯尔特是一位典型的美国企业家 Samuel Colt is a classic American entrepreneur.
他是一个表演者 他喜欢在公共场合表演 He's a showman, he delights in public display in,
做一些例外 doing something exceptional.
他首先引起公众的注意是炸毁了一艘船 He first came to public attention by blowing up a ship.
每个人都淋湿了 没有人买鱼雷 Everybody got very wet and nobody bought the torpedo.
据推测 柯尔特想出了这个主意 Supposedly, Colt comes up with the idea
在船上使用左轮手枪 for the revolvers mechanism while on a ship.
传说中 只有16岁的时候 Legend has it, that at an age of just 16,
根据故事的版本 depending on the version of the tale,
他注意到舵手或特定的动作 he notices either the helm or a specific maneuver.
当起锚时 When the anchor is hoisted,
一个丫头在每次旋转后都会夹紧 a wench clamps after each rotation.
这一基本原则是后来的启发 This basic principle is later the inspiration
左轮手枪弹匣 for the revolver magazine.
然后他想出了这个主意 He then comes up with the idea
旋转的六膛手枪 of the revolving six chambered pistol.
这成为了他的标志 Which becomes his trademark.
柯尔特卖的第一把左轮手枪 The first revolver that Colt sells
对于大规模的军队来说 柯尔特步行者 to the army on a large scale, is the Colt Walker,
1847年为美墨战争制作 produced in 1847 for the Mexican American War.
乔恩·里维拉曾是一名警察 Jon Rivera is a former policeman
专业武器专家 and professional weapons expert,
他赢得了几次速射比赛 who has won several rapid fire competitions.
和乔恩在射击场 At a shooting range with Jon
我们想发现小马的秘密 we want to discover the secret of the Colt.
柯尔特步行者的体重不到两公斤 The Colt Walker weight just under two kilos,
口径 0.44 意思是大约11毫米直径 caliber, .44, meaning roughly an 11 millimeter diameter.
塞缪尔·柯尔特是枪械之父 Samuel Colt is the godfather of firearms.
从1861年到1865年 From 1861 to 1865,
在美国内战中 in the American Civil War,
美利坚合众国之战 the States of the Union battle
对抗南方邦联 against the Confederates of the South.
北方想废除奴隶制 The North wants to abolish slavery,
而南方希望保持现状 and the South wants to keep things the way they are.
300多万士兵在战斗 More than three million soldiers fight
自己的同胞 their own countrymen.
最终估计有75万人丧生 Ultimately an estimated 750000 of them are killed.
高死亡率是一个结果 The high death toll is a consequence
现代武器的使用 of the use of modern weapons.
柯尔特仅向工会出售了近40万支左轮手枪 Colt sells close to 400000 revolvers to the union alone.
而且他卖的很多武器都是柯尔特步行者 And many of the firearms he sells are Colt Walkers.
内战士兵用它能射多快? How fast could Civil War soldiers shoot with it?
在过去 他们会做什么 In the olden days, what they would do,
它们会有鹿角或类似的东西 is they would have a deer horn or something similar to this,
他们会把手指放在上面 and they'd put their finger over the top
他们会把它颠倒过来 他们会测量 and they would turn it upside down, they'd get a measuring,
它们会直接倒进圆柱体 and they would pour directly into the cylinder,
然后投一个44粒的圆形炮弹进去 and drop in a 44 grain round projectile in it.
柯尔特步行者 The Colt Walker though
仍然需要从前端加载 still needs to be loaded from the front.
我要把重心放在球上 然后把它往下推 I'm gonna center on the ball, and I'm gonna push it down,
和阀座 and seat it.
现在我知道了 That came to a complete rest so now I know that is
实际上是在圆柱体的底部 actually seated in the bottom of the cylinder.
想象一下 如果你在骑马 会有多么困难 So imagine the difficulty if you're riding
或者在战斗中 有人向你开枪 or in combat and somebody's shooting at you right now,
当你试图操纵和装载你的枪 as you're trying to manipulate and load your gun.
我们想测试一下六杆的速度 We want to test how quickly six shots
可以用柯尔特步行者射击 can be fired with a Colt Walker.
这被认为是骑兵的风格 臀部向前 This is considered cavalry style with the butts forward,
因为如果你在骑马 'cause if you're riding a horse,
你得拿出你的枪 and you need to get out your firearm,
这是更容易交叉绘制和接近你的目标 it's easier to cross draw and come up to your target
那是因为桶太长了 then it is because the barrel is so long,
一路打到你这边 然后打到目标 coming all the way up your side and coming on to target.
它被拉出身体 It's pull out across the body,
向上 反击 锁定目标 开火 up, hammer back, acquire the target, fire.
看帽子掉出来了 See the caps falling out.
收购目标 Acquire target.
每次拍摄之后 After every shot,
乔恩·里维拉需要举起武器 Jon Rivera needs to raise the weapon
上升到垂直位置 使雷管脱落 up to a vertical position so that the detonators fall out.
这个早期版本被称为单动左轮手枪 With this early version known as a single action revolver
枪手每次都得手动上膛 the shooter has to manually cock the gun every time.
这旋转桶 并锁定它 This rotates the barrel and locks it into
下一杆的正确位置 correct position for the next shot.
这个复杂的机制容易出错 The complex mechanism is prone to errors.
这架飞机失火了 We had a misfire on this one,
所以我只有四次射偏了目标 so I only got four shots off on target,
这是一个很好的例子 and this one is a prime example of what happens
如果你不举起枪来清除它 if you don't raise the gun and clear it.
发生的事情是它支离破碎 What happened is it's fragmented.
如果我继续 我没有把它举起来摇一摇 And if I continue, and I didn't raise it up and shake it,
看 下面会卡住的 watch, it'll jam down below
现在我的枪也不好用了 and now my gun is no longer good.
乔恩·里维拉总共需要15秒来开四枪 Jon Rivera needs a total of 15 seconds to fire four shots.
重新加载的过程将花费他超过一分钟 The reloading process would cost him over another minute.
尽管如此 武器仍然提供 Nevertheless, the weapon still provides
战士在战斗中的优势 an advantage for soldiers in combat.
它太重了 It is ridiculously heavy,
如果你把它拿出来你会发抖 and if you're holding it out you're gonna be shaking,
如果你在骑马 and if you're riding a horse,
要找到目标并坚持下去是很困难的 it's gonna be hard to acquire a target and stay on it.
这是当时最先进的技术 It was state of the art at the time,
我很乐意投6次 5次 I mean I'll gladly take six shots, five shots,
四枪 对着一个只有一枪的人 four shots, over someone who only has one,
一周中的任何一天 any day of the week.
左轮手枪被称为侧枪 The revolver is known as a side weapon
这是近距离战斗的最后手段 by the military, a last resort for cases of close combat.
它能轻易地击败我的步枪 It can be easily beat my a rifle
在范围和精度方面 in terms of range and precision.
但它还是被发射了无数次 But it still was fired countless times
在内战战场上 on Civil War battlefields.
所以 塞缪尔·柯尔特把枪卖了 So, Samuel Colt sold the firearm
无论是对南方还是北方 to both the Confederate and to the Union,
虽然是同一种武器 and although it was the same weapon,
它的用法不同 it was used differently.
联盟军规模较小 资金不足 The Confederate, smaller, not quite as funded,
如果是猩猩战争 他们会怎么做 were gorilla warfare, so what they would do is they would
偷偷溜进树林 穿过灌木丛 sneak in through the trees, through the bushes,
携带手枪很容易 and it was easy to carry a pistol,
长枪能打到哪里 where as the long rifle would get
当你穿过灌木丛或树木时 caught on shrubs as you went through or trees,
而联邦军队 这是一支骑兵炮 whereas the Union, this was a cavalry gun.
他们会交叉画图 快速 敏捷 They would carry it cross draw, quick, agile,
他们很快就能找到同盟者 they could get up on to the Confederate quickly
向目标靠近然后射击 and come up on the target and shoot.
塞缪尔·柯尔特继续研发他的武器 Samuel Colt continues to develop his weapon,
并将一个流行的时代理念付诸实践 and puts a popular idea of a era into practice.
使用标准化的可互换部件进行大规模生产 Mass production using standardized interchangeable parts.
在1851年伦敦世博会上 At the 1851 World's Fair in London,
塞缪尔·柯尔特把他的10支枪拆开 Samuel Colt takes 10 of his guns apart
把它们放在桌子上 and mixes them up on a table.
然后他把它们重新组合起来 He then puts them back together,
并证明每一件武器都是可操作的 and proves that every weapon is operational.
他们都工作而且会射击 They all work and can shoot.
这说明了他们生产的程度 This demonstrated the extent that their production
已经标准化了 had already been standardized,
所以这些部件都是可以单独互换的 so that the parts were all individually interchangeable.
当时 这对武器系统来说是一个新事物 And at the time, that was a new thing for weapon systems.
用他的左轮手枪模型 With his revolver models,
柯尔特继续建立在他的传奇之上 Colt continues to build upon his legend.
1851年的海军是他最成功的模型 The 1851 Navy is his most successful model,
销售250000辆 selling 250000 units.
许多人认为他1860年的军队模式 Many consider his 1860 Army model
成为早期最好的左轮手枪 to be the best of the early revolvers.
最后 1873年他的单兵作战部队 And finally, his Single Action Army 1873
这是第一把左轮手枪吗 is the first revolver that can be
装有铜子弹 loaded with copper cartridges.
允许更快的速度 Allowing for even more speed.
通过引入墨盒 By introducing the cartridge,
你口袋里可以装好几发子弹 you could carry multiple rounds in your pocket,
你可以把它们挂在腰带上 you can carry 'em on your belt,
你看那些老的牛仔电影 后面有一圈 you see the old cowboy movies with the loops in the back.
你可以更快地加载并接近你的目标 You could load and come up on your target faster,
这样做的时候 不要再拍了 and in doing so, get off your shots,
和旧的比较 记住你要在哪里做帽子 versus the old one, remember where you had to do the cap
确保帽子会掉下来 and ball and make sure that the cap would fall out.
如果你能熟练使用你的武器 And if you became proficient with your firearm,
你可以用另一只手 you can actually come up and with your opposite hand,
投6次 get off six shots.
狂野西部的终极传奇 The ultimate legend of the Wild West.
一个不法之徒和一个治安官在决斗中对峙 An outlaw and a sheriff face off in a duel.
他们俩都拉得很快 从臀部射了出去 They both pull quickly to shoot from the hip,
现实主义 还是好莱坞式的幻想? realistic, or just a Hollywood fantasy?
体育枪手 乔恩·里维拉 演示 Sports gunman Jon Rivera demonstrates
这种有针对性的臀部注射 this kind of targeted hip shot.
要真正瞄准目标 需要大量的训练 It takes a lot of training to be actually able to aim.
如果你注意到 我从来没带过 So if you notice, I never brought
把枪举到比我臀部还高的地方 好吗? the gun up higher than my hip, okay?
所以 运动就是时间 So, motion is time.
如果我拿着枪一路走上来 If I'm taking the gun and coming all the way up,
瞄准目标 对抗一名持枪战士 and coming on target, versus a gun fighter,
谁练习得够多 谁就能打得准 who practices enough and can hit from this,
这不是一场公平的战斗 it's not a fair fight.
他用左轮手枪能射多快? How fast can he shoot with the revolver?
乔恩·里维拉使用了一种为竞争而优化的现代武器 Jon Rivera uses a modern weapon optimized for competition.
好了 There we go.
我们给他六枪计时 We time him for six shots.
慢动作回放显示 A slow motion replay shows that with
双手流畅的运动 a fluid movement of both hands,
琼恩能在几秒钟内连续射击 Jon can fire shot after shot in seconds.
就是这样做的 That's how it's done.
所以基本上这些镜头都是对的 So basically all those shots were right about,
不到一分半钟 within just over a second and a half.
我认为这是相当快的 I would say that's pretty fast.
我不喜欢在低空飞行 I would hate to be downrange.
与柯尔特步行者相比 In direct comparison to the Colt Walker,
在琼恩开火的时间里 in the time it takes Jon to fire
就用柯尔特步行者打了一枪 just one shot with a Colt Walker,
他可以用一种新的小马模型来管理六匹马 he can manage six with a newer Colt model.
在美国 速度和技巧射击 In the United States, speed and trick shooting
变成了一项竞技运动 has turned into a competitive sport.
主要活动是快速抽签 The main event is fast draw.
判断谁拔枪最快 Judging who pulls their gun the quickest
开一枪或多枪 to fire one or more shots.
而且对粉丝来说也很有趣 And it's entertaining for the fans as well.
左轮手枪的传奇地位开始了 The revolvers legendary status began
在19世纪中叶 in the middle of the 19th century
塞缪尔·柯尔特早期的模型 with Samuel Colt's early models.
我们看到的塞缪尔·柯尔特是一个能看见的人 What we've got with Samuel Colt is somebody who sees
创造比产品更多东西的机会 an opportunity to create something more than a product.
他的创造 He's creating, well,
我不认为左轮手枪是一种生活方式 但它确实是 I don't think a revolver is a lifestyle but it's certainly,
这种设计师的品牌很好 it's that kind of designer branded good.
而是对这些武器的痴迷 But an obsession with these kinds of firearms
也造成15000人死亡 also kills around 15000 people
每年在美国 per year in the United States.
从数值的角度来看 From a numerical standpoint,
几乎每把枪对应一把枪 there is almost one gun for each
这个国家的居民 of the country's inhabitants.
世界上最高的密度 The highest density in the world.
全国步枪协会 简称NRA And the National Rifle Association, NRA for short,
也要感谢 is also to thank.
在今天有争议的讨论中 In today's controversial discussions
关于NRA[美国全国步枪协会] 重要的是不要忘记 about the NRA, it's important not to forget
该组织最初成立于1871年 that the organization was originally founded in 1871
教导市民如何安全使用枪械 to teach civilians about the safe use of firearms.
1970年代以来 Since the 1970's,
NRA在美国政治中扮演了重要角色 the NRA has played a major role in US politics.
他们最重要的任务 Their most important priority,
防止对枪支实施更严格的法律 preventing stricter laws on firearms.
即使血腥的悲剧发生了 Even if bloody tragedies have
成为日常生活的一部分 become a part of everyday life.
我们看到的是一个枪支泛滥的国家 What we're looking at is a country where the gun
是文化和身份的一部分 is part of culture and identity,
在某种程度上 这在较老的国家是不存在的 in a way that it isn't in older countries.
以及美国步枪协会 And the National Rifle Association
是否表明有巨大的政治支持 has demonstrated that there is an enormous political support
保留保留和裸露的权利 for retaining the right to keep and bare
不管你想要什么武器 whatever weapons you like to have.
这些可以是军用突击步枪 These can be military grade assault rifles,
猎枪 各种各样的武器 hunting rifles, all kinds of weapons,
美国人本质上热爱武器 the Americans are essentially in love with weapons.
校园枪击案 Mass shooting in schools
稳步启动关于更严格枪支法律的新辩论 steadily start new debates about stricter laws on firearms.
一些州已经修改了他们的法律 Some states have changed their laws,
但是暴力行为的数量并没有减少 but the number of acts of violence has not decreased.
塞缪尔·柯尔特发明了左轮手枪 Samuel Colts invention of the revolver,
也为美国做出了贡献 also contributes to the United States
当前枪支管理的问题 current issues with gun control.
到了20世纪 他们的军队取代了左轮手枪 By the 20th century, their military replaces the revolver
配备半自动自动上弹手枪 with semi automatic self loading pistols.
如今 它主要受到收藏家和射手的欢迎 Today, it is primarily popular with collectors and marksmen.
速度仍然是军队的决定性因素 Speed is still a decisive factor for armies.
未来的武器会有多快? How fast will weapons of the future be?
我们是否已经达到了可能的极限? Have we already reached the limits of what is possible?
美国海军的设计可能开启新的篇章 A US Navy design could open up a new chapter
在高速武器的竞争中 in the race for high speed weapons.
能摧毁目标的激光枪 A laser gun that can destroy a target
正是在毫秒 precisely within milliseconds.
海军舰艇进行的首次测试 Initial test done by Navy ships
在阿拉伯海湾取得了成功 in the Arabian Gulf have been successful.
不知道从哪儿冒出来的一束看不见的激光束 An invisible laser beam that comes out of nowhere
以光速撞击 and hits at the speed of light.
这就是战争的未来吗? Is this the future of war?